The “special” category of personal data includes “biometric data,” which refers to personal data related to an individual’s physical, physiological, or behavioral characteristics. This data is obtained through specific technical treatments such as ultrasound, thermal, or optical sensors, which enable or confirm unique identification. Examples of biometric data include fingerprints used to unlock the latest generation smartphones, physical features like hand shape, face, iris or retina, and vocal tone.
Given their nature, biometric data is particularly sensitive and warrants specific protection due to its potential risks to fundamental rights and freedoms if mishandled.
In general, the processing of special data is prohibited. However, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) allows for exceptions outlined in Article 9.
It is important to note that photographs do not fall into the category of special data unless they are processed through technical devices specifically designed for the unique identification of individuals.
